Table of Contents
Alphabet
| Letter | Name |
|---|---|
| a | a |
| b | be |
| c | ce |
| d | de |
| e | e |
| f | ef |
| g | ge |
| h | ha |
| i | i |
| (k) | (ka) |
| l | el |
| m | em |
| n | en |
| o | o |
| p | pe |
| q | qu |
| r | er |
| s | es |
| t | te |
| u | u |
| v | ve |
| (x) | (ix) |
| (y) | (i græca) |
| z | zeta |
j is not distinguished—neither in spelling nor pronounciation—from i in Old Latin.
Pronounciation
See the pronunciation chart on the previous page for how to read the English letters.
Old Latin pronounciation in parenthesis.
| Letter | Sound |
|---|---|
| a | e (á) |
| æ, e, œ | e |
| ǽ, é, œ́ | í (e) |
| á | eí (á) |
| au | áƿ |
| b | b |
| c, k, q | c |
| ch | c, tsh (c) |
| cæ, ce, cœ | se (tshe) |
| cé | sí (tshe) |
| ci, cy | se (tshí) |
| cí, cý | sí (tshí) |
| cu, qu | cƿ |
| d | d |
| ei | í |
| eu | eƿ |
| f | f |
| g, gh | g |
| gæ, ge, gœ | gie |
| gé | gií (gie) |
| gi, gy | gie (gií) |
| gí, gý | gií |
| (gn) | (ní) |
| (gl) | (í) |
| gu | gƿ |
| h | — |
| i, y | e (í) |
| í, ý | áí (í) |
| j | gi (í) |
| k | c |
| l | l |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| nc, nch | ngc |
| ng, ngh | ng |
| nx | ngs, ngsð |
| o | eí (ó) |
| ó | ó |
| ou | ú (óú) |
| p | p |
| ph | f (p) |
| r | r |
| s | s, sð |
| t | t |
| th | þ (t) |
| ti | she (sí) |
| tí | shí (sí) |
| u | e (ú) |
| ú | ú |
| v | v |
| w | ƿ |
| x | cs, gsð |
| z | sð |
Where a word’s initial letters are two consonants—i.e. bd, chth, cn, ct, gn, mn, phth, pn, ps, pt, x (cs, gz)—the second consonant takes precedence & the first is muted.
Where s is between two vowels it is pronounced as z.
Abbreviations
| Latin | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| cf. | conferatur | “compare” |
| e.g. | exempli gratia | “for example” |
| ed. | eadem | “(she is the) same” |
| & | et | “and” |
| &c. | et cetera | “and so (on)” |
| i.e. | id est | “that is” |
| id. | idem | “(he is the) same” |